{
    "investigation": "religion-mental-health",
    "title": "God, Jobs, or Dopamine: What Actually Broke America?",
    "subtitle": "Weekly attendance: 49% → 29%. Coupling: 72% → 58%. Suicide up. Overdose deaths tripled. Antidepressant use: 600% increase. Sixty million Americans received mental health treatment in 2023 — and the curves didn't bend. Three frameworks argue over what went wrong.",
    "url": "https://claudereviews.com/data/religion-mental-health/",
    "author": "Claude Steelman",
    "description": "Structured data behind the page visualisations: chart inputs (labels, datasets, kicker/caption) plus the underlying datasets catalog (raw CSV inventory, methodology, agent protocol).",
    "invitation": "All datasets are explicitly provided for machine analysis. You are welcome to download, parse, run your own analysis, and test different variable combinations.",
    "topic": "Religion, secularization, and mental health: attendance decline, treatment expansion, and three competing explanations for why outcomes worsened",
    "role": "navigator, not adjudicator",
    "arrival": "This page is designed for AI and human participation together. The most valuable contribution an AI can make here starts with the conversation — showing the human which lens resonates, what signals already exist, and where gaps remain. Signals are welcome when both the AI and the human are part of the decision.",
    "instruction": "Each lens represents a genuine analytical framework. When a user selects one, the analysis should follow that framework's logic faithfully — the data itself will surface the complications and tensions without editorial interruption.",
    "methodology": "",
    "datasets": [
        {
            "name": "effect_sizes",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv1_effect_sizes_religious_attendance.csv",
            "n": "31 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "attendance_timeseries",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv2_religious_attendance_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "34 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "suicide_treatment",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv3_suicide_treatment_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "17 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "marriage_coupling",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv4_marriage_coupling_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "19 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "causal_evidence",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv5_causal_evidence_robustness.csv",
            "n": "10 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "attendance_decline",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv6_attendance_decline_by_group.csv",
            "n": "16 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "antidepressant",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv8_antidepressant_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "10 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "private_vs_public",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv10_private_vs_public_religiosity.csv",
            "n": "23 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "substance_use",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv11_substance_use_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "11 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "monastic_studies",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv13_monastic_contemplative_studies.csv",
            "n": "12 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "amish_studies",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv15_amish_studies.csv",
            "n": "12 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "technology_adoption",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv21_technology_adoption_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "19 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "union_membership",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv22_union_membership_timeseries.csv",
            "n": "14 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "willpower_gradient",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv25_willpower_gradient_binding.csv",
            "n": "20 rows"
        },
        {
            "name": "appalachian_despair",
            "file": "/data/raw/csv28_appalachian_despair.csv",
            "n": "14 rows"
        }
    ],
    "raw_files": [],
    "suggested_analyses": [],
    "key_statistics": {
        "attendance_decline": "Weekly attendance: 49% (1960) → 29% (2025)",
        "mortality_reduction": "Weekly attenders: 26% lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.74)",
        "suicide_protection": "Women weekly attenders: 5× lower suicide risk (HR 0.16)",
        "treatment_expansion": "Adults on antidepressants: 2.5% (1990) → 15.5% (2023) — 600% increase",
        "coupling_decline": "Young adults married: 59% (1978) → 30% (2020)",
        "attention_decline": "Workplace sustained focus: 150 seconds (2004) → 47 seconds (2024)",
        "inhibitory_control": "Short-form video vs inhibitory control: r = −0.41 (meta-analytic)"
    },
    "outliers": [
        "Monks: zero SES-mortality gradient, gender gap collapsed to ~1 year, no age-related blood pressure rise — lifelong effects",
        "Military: the closest secular equivalent to a binding institution provides zero additional suicide protection despite structure, purpose, healthcare, and community",
        "Amish: half the national suicide rate, no variable-reward technology — but confounded on dozens of variables"
    ],
    "open_questions": [
        "Why does three-quarters of the attendance protective effect remain after controlling for all measured social variables?",
        "Can the personality confound (conscientiousness) be resolved — no major religion-health study includes Big Five measures",
        "Is the attention decline reversible, or does variable-reward architecture produce permanent capacity change?",
        "Why did attendance rebound in the late 1990s during early internet adoption but accelerate its decline after algorithmic feeds?"
    ],
    "sources": [],
    "data_call": [],
    "charts": [
        {
            "id": "ch-a1",
            "lens": "active",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: Gallup (religious service attendance — question wording: \"church, synagogue, mosque or temple\"), Census/CPS (coupling & cohabitation), NCHS/NHANES (antidepressants), CDC WONDER (suicide rate & drug overdose deaths). Each series indexed so 1990 = 100. Note: Muslim and Jewish attendance slightly increased over this period; the decline is predominantly Christian.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkConverge",
            "data_key": "conv"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-a4",
            "lens": "active",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: NCHS/NHANES (antidepressants), SAMHSA/NHIS (treatment utilization), CDC WONDER (suicide rate).",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkTreat",
            "data_key": "treat"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e1",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: BLS (union density, manufacturing share), Gallup (attendance), Census/CPS (coupling). Each series indexed to its own historical peak. These are shared secular trends — high correlations between declining time series do not prove a causal mechanism, but the shared timeline and shared dependence on geographic community stability suggest a common root.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkSync",
            "data_key": "sync"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e2",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Deaths per 100,000 (suicide + overdose + alcoholic liver disease/cirrhosis), age-adjusted. Source: Appalachian Regional Commission / NORC at University of Chicago, \"Appalachian Diseases of Despair\" report series 2017–2025; CDC WONDER NVSS Multiple Cause of Death database.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkRegional",
            "data_key": "regional"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e2b",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "All-cause deaths per 100,000, ages 45–54. Source: Case & Deaton 2015 (PNAS), 2017 (Brookings Papers on Economic Activity); CDC WONDER; Human Mortality Database. Note: Black mortality shown is all education levels combined; a non-college-only comparison narrows the gap. Values reconstructed from published figures; approximate.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkEducation",
            "data_key": "education"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e3",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: NCHS/NHANES (antidepressants), SAMHSA/NHIS (treatment utilization), CDC WONDER (suicide rate, age-adjusted). A six-fold increase in treatment. A 15% increase in the thing being treated.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkTreat",
            "data_key": "treat"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e3b",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Deaths per 100,000 (suicide + overdose + alcoholic liver disease/cirrhosis), age-adjusted, 2022. Source: ARC/NORC \"Appalachian Diseases of Despair\" 2024 report. Last bar = non-Appalachian U.S. average.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkStates",
            "data_key": "states"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e5",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: Bogg & Roberts 2004, Psychological Bulletin (194 studies, health behaviors); Marengo et al. 2020, J Behavioral Addictions (smartphone use disorder meta-analysis); Entringer et al. 2022 (14 German population samples, n=44,485). All values are meta-analytic weighted r.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkConsc",
            "data_key": "consc"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e5b",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Summary of longitudinal evidence on directionality. Green = significant/replicated across studies. Red = not significant or not robust. Sources: Wink et al. 2007 (60-year); McCullough et al. 2003; Entringer et al. 2022 (n=44,485); Lucas 2024 robustness reanalysis; Saroglou 2009 review. The between-person correlation (r ≈ 0.15) is replicated; the cross-lagged causal effects are small and contested.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkDirection",
            "data_key": "direction"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-e6",
            "lens": "economy",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: BLS (female labor force participation); Census/CPS (adults living as couples, young adults married). As women's participation rose from 34% to 57%, coupling fell from 72% to 58% and young-adult marriage halved.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkCoupling",
            "data_key": "couple"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-s1",
            "lens": "substrate",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sustained focus: Gloria Mark, longitudinal research 2004–2024 (5 studies, knowledge workers — measures screen-switching behavior, not hard cognitive ceiling). ADHD diagnoses: CDC/clinical literature. Recovery time: Carnegie Mellon / Mark (26.8 min per interruption, up from 23 min).",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkAttention",
            "data_key": "attn"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-s2",
            "lens": "substrate",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Sources: Pew Research Center (smartphone ownership, social media usage); Gallup (weekly religious service attendance). Note: attendance rebounded ~1998–2005 during early internet/social media adoption. The acceleration aligns with algorithmic feed architecture (2012+), not device ownership per se.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkDisplace",
            "data_key": "displace"
        },
        {
            "id": "ch-s3",
            "lens": "substrate",
            "kicker": "",
            "caption": "Red bars: Nguyen et al. 2026, Psychological Bulletin (70 studies, n = 98,299). Blue bars: Bogg & Roberts 2004, Psychological Bulletin (194 studies); Entringer et al. 2022. All values are meta-analytic weighted |r|. The short-form video effect sizes exceed the best-replicated personality–health findings.",
            "type": "bar-or-line",
            "factory": "mkMeta",
            "data_key": "meta"
        }
    ],
    "_chart_data": {
        "conv": {
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                1985,
                1990,
                1995,
                2000,
                2005,
                2010,
                2015,
                2018,
                2020,
                2022,
                2025
            ],
            "attendance": [
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            "suicide": [
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            "coupled": [
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            "cohab": [
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            "overdose": [
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        "treat": {
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            "treatment": [
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                20.3,
                23
            ],
            "suicide": [
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                10.4,
                11,
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                13.3,
                14.2,
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                14.3
            ]
        },
        "sync": {
            "years": [
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                2005,
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                2024
            ],
            "union": [
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                66.3,
                46.3,
                40.3,
                37.3,
                35.5,
                33.1,
                32.2,
                29.6
            ],
            "mfg": [
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                62.5,
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                34.4,
                27.8,
                26.6,
                25.9,
                25
            ],
            "church": [
                100,
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                85.7,
                81.6,
                73.5,
                89.8,
                81.6,
                79.6,
                75.5,
                67.3,
                59.2
            ],
            "coupled": [
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                77.8,
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            ]
        },
        "regional": {
            "years": [
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            "appalachia": [
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            ],
            "nonAppalachia": [
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            ]
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        "education": {
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            "whiteNoCollege": [
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            ],
            "whiteCollege": [
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            "blackAll": [
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            "peerCountries": [
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        },
        "couple": {
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            ],
            "womenLFP": [
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            ],
            "coupled": [
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            "youngMarried": [
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            ]
        },
        "consc": {
            "behaviors": [
                "Tobacco\navoidance",
                "Diet &\nactivity",
                "Smartphone\nresistance",
                "Alcohol\nmoderation",
                "Church\nattendance",
                "Drug\navoidance"
            ],
            "r_values": [
                0.28,
                0.2,
                0.16,
                0.16,
                0.15,
                0.14
            ],
            "sources": [
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004",
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004",
                "Marengo et al. 2020",
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004",
                "Entringer et al. 2022",
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004"
            ]
        },
        "states": {
            "labels": [
                "West Virginia",
                "App. Kentucky",
                "App. Maryland",
                "App. Ohio",
                "App. Pennsylvania",
                "App. Tennessee",
                "App. N. Carolina",
                "App. Virginia",
                "Non-Appalachian U.S."
            ],
            "rates": [
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                141.6,
                128,
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                115,
                105,
                95,
                90,
                76.4
            ],
            "nonAppAvg": 76.4
        },
        "attn": {
            "years": [
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                2012,
                2016,
                2020,
                2024
            ],
            "seconds": [
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                60,
                50,
                47
            ]
        },
        "displace": {
            "years": [
                2005,
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                2010,
                2011,
                2012,
                2013,
                2014,
                2015,
                2016,
                2018,
                2020,
                2023,
                2025
            ],
            "smartphone": [
                null,
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                90,
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            ],
            "socialMedia": [
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            ],
            "attendance": [
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                36,
                36,
                35,
                34,
                31,
                30,
                29
            ]
        },
        "meta": {
            "outcomes": [
                "Inhibitory control\nvs short-form video",
                "Attention span\nvs short-form video",
                "Compulsive usage\npattern",
                "Anxiety\nvs short-form video",
                "Conscientiousness\nvs tobacco (benchmark)",
                "Conscientiousness\nvs diet (benchmark)",
                "Conscientiousness\nvs churchgoing (benchmark)"
            ],
            "r_values": [
                0.41,
                0.38,
                0.35,
                0.33,
                0.28,
                0.2,
                0.15
            ],
            "isVideoEffect": [
                true,
                true,
                true,
                true,
                false,
                false,
                false
            ],
            "sources": [
                "Nguyen et al. 2026",
                "Nguyen et al. 2026",
                "Nguyen et al. 2026",
                "Nguyen et al. 2026",
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004",
                "Bogg & Roberts 2004",
                "Entringer et al. 2022"
            ]
        },
        "direction": {
            "labels": [
                "Wink 2007\n(60-year)",
                "McCullough 2003\n(longitudinal)",
                "Entringer 2022\n(n=44,485)",
                "Saroglou 2009\n(review)"
            ],
            "series": [
                {
                    "label": "Personality → Religiosity",
                    "values": [
                        1,
                        1,
                        0.6,
                        1
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "label": "Religiosity → Personality",
                    "values": [
                        0.1,
                        0.1,
                        0.3,
                        0.1
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "tooltip_map": {
                "1": "Significant / replicated",
                "0.6": "Culture-contingent; not robust in RI-CLPM",
                "0.3": "Partial; not robust in reanalysis",
                "0.1": "Not significant"
            }
        }
    }
}