outcome,measure,effect_size,ci_lower,ci_upper,direction,study,sample_size,cohort,notes,source
All-cause mortality,HR (weekly+ vs never),0.74,0.65,0.84,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Combined estimate across GUTS NHS-II HRS,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
All-cause mortality,HR (weekly+ vs never),0.67,,,Protective,Li et al 2016,74534,Nurses Health Study,33% lower mortality; 20yr follow-up,JAMA Intern Med 176(6):777-785
All-cause mortality,OR (meta-analytic),1.29,1.20,1.39,Protective (inverted),McCullough et al 2000,42 samples meta-analysis,,OR>1 means religious MORE likely alive at follow-up,Health Psychology 19(3):211-222
All-cause mortality,HR (meta-analytic),0.82,0.76,0.87,Protective,Chida et al 2009,69 studies meta-analysis,,18% reduced mortality,Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 78(2):81-90
All-cause mortality,RR reduction,27%,16%,37%,Protective,VanderWeele meta-analytic estimate,multiple,,Meta-analytic from rigorous longitudinal studies,Am J Epidemiol 2021 commentary
Suicide (women),HR (weekly+ vs never),0.16,0.06,0.46,Protective,VanderWeele Li Tsai Kawachi 2016,89708,Nurses Health Study,5-fold lower risk; 14yr follow-up,JAMA Psychiatry 73(8):845-851
Suicide (women Catholic),HR (weekly+ vs less frequent),0.05,0.006,0.48,Protective,VanderWeele et al 2016,89708,Nurses Health Study,Catholic subset,JAMA Psychiatry 73(8):845-851
Suicide attempts (Canada),OR (monthly vs weekly),2.10,1.98,2.23,Risk increase,Blackmore Munce et al 2008,36984,Canadian Community Health Survey,Adjusted for social support,J Affect Disorders 107(1-3):37-43
Suicide attempts (Canada),OR (3-4x/yr vs weekly),4.27,3.97,4.60,Risk increase,Blackmore et al 2008,36984,Canadian Community Health Survey,,J Affect Disorders 107(1-3):37-43
Suicide (conservative Christian),HR vs Catholic,0.71,0.52,0.97,Protective,O'Reilly Rosato 2015,1106104,Northern Ireland Mortality Study,9yr follow-up; 1119 suicide cases,Br J Psychiatry 206(6):466-470
Depression,RR reduction (meta-analytic),~30%,,,Protective,Garssen et al 2021 / VanderWeele 2021a,multiple,,Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies controlling baseline depression,Various - see VanderWeele 2021
Depression (young adults),PAR for low religious participation,36%,,,Protective,Nonnemaker et al (Add Health),~15000,Add Health,Population attributable risk of new-onset depressive episodes,J Adolescent Health
Heavy drinking,RR (weekly+ vs never),0.66,0.59,0.73,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,34% lower risk,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Current smoking,RR (weekly+ vs never),0.71,0.63,0.80,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,29% lower risk,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Alcohol use disorder,aOR (frequent vs non-attender),0.40,0.33,0.51,Protective,Weinberger et al 2022,NESARC-III,,National representative sample,Drug Alcohol Depend 2021
Tobacco use disorder,aOR (frequent vs non-attender),0.30,0.22,0.33,Protective,Weinberger et al 2022,NESARC-III,,National representative sample,Drug Alcohol Depend 2021
Cannabis use disorder,aOR (frequent vs non-attender),0.40,0.24,0.68,Protective,Weinberger et al 2022,NESARC-III,,National representative sample,Drug Alcohol Depend 2021
Loneliness,Association,Inverse,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Loneliness,Association,Inverse,,,Protective,Rote et al 2013 / NSHAP,multiple,NSHAP,Consistent attendance = lower loneliness,J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
Life satisfaction,Association,Positive,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Life satisfaction,Association,Positive,,,Protective,Lim & Putnam 2010,~3000,Faith Matters Survey,Social networks account for ~half the effect,Am Sociol Rev 75(6):914-933
Positive affect,Association,Positive,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Purpose in life,Association,Positive,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Social integration,Association,Positive,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Anxiety,Association,Weak/inconsistent,,,Mixed,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Evidence less clear than for depression,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Hopelessness,Association,Inverse,,,Protective,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Significant after Bonferroni correction,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Cardiovascular mortality,HR (weekly+ vs never),0.73,,,Protective,Li et al 2016,74534,Nurses Health Study,27% lower CV mortality,JAMA Intern Med 176(6):777-785
Cancer mortality,HR (weekly+ vs never),0.79,,,Protective,Li et al 2016,74534,Nurses Health Study,21% lower cancer mortality,JAMA Intern Med 176(6):777-785
Hypertension,Association,Null,,,No association,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Not significant,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Stroke,Association,Null,,,No association,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Not significant,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040
Heart disease,Association,Null,,,No association,Chen Kim VanderWeele 2020,3 cohorts combined,,Not significant,Int J Epidemiology 49(6):2030-2040