study_id,authors,year,title_short,journal_source,sample,design,key_finding,url
1,"Egeland & Hostetter",1983,Amish Study of affective disorders,Am J Psychiatry,Old Order Amish Lancaster County PA,Epidemiological,"Identified 263 cases of depression across 100 years (1880-1980); 27 suicides; depression rate lower than general population; equal rates between men and women (unlike 2:1 female ratio in general population)",Cited in multiple reviews
2,"Egeland & Sussex",1985,Suicide and family loading for affective disorders,Am J Psychiatry,All suicides in Old Order Amish 1880-1980,100-year retrospective,"26 suicides; 92% had major affective disorder diagnosis; clustered in 4 primary pedigrees following distribution of affective disorders; strong evidence of genetic factors in both suicide and affective disorders",https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4021024/
3,"Kraybill Hostetler Shaw / Troyer",1986/1994,Suicide patterns in a religious subculture,Various,"Lancaster County PA Amish, 4 decades",Epidemiological,"Amish suicide rate consistently about half national average: 3.3 per 100k (1901-1920) vs national 13.6; 4.3 per 100k (1960s) and 3.7 (1970s) vs national rates several times higher",https://www.suicideinfo.ca/resource/siecno-19901544/
4,"Fuchs et al",1990,Holmes County OH Amish mental health,Various,Amish vs non-Amish Holmes County OH,Cross-sectional survey,"Amish reported higher anxiety interfering with daily activities; women and adolescents highest stress; depression rates between Amish and non-Amish males similar; Amish women significantly higher depression",Cited in PMC11065431
5,"Jakubaschk Würmel Genner",1994,Depression and aggression in Amish,PubMed,"43 Old Order Amish, Adams County IN",Cross-sectional (BDI),"Amish males and females scored twice as depressive as general population on BDI; BUT total hostility significantly lower; absolute pacifism may channel distress differently; 3x depression claim from German study",https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7991004/
6,"Biswas-Diener Vitterso Diener",2005,Happiness in Old Order and New Order Amish,Various,Illinois Amish (both denominations),Cross-sectional,"Amish self-reported higher levels of happiness than non-Amish comparison groups",Cited in PMC11065431
7,"Miller et al",2007,Depression in Old Order Amish women Lancaster County PA,Various,Old Order Amish women vs non-Amish women,Cross-sectional,"Amish women diagnosed with depression LESS frequently than non-Amish women; fewer rated as high risk for depression; contradicts some other studies",Cited in PMC11065431
8,"Raheja et al",2013,Seasonal Affective Disorder among the Amish,Various,Amish population,Cross-sectional,"Amish have LOWEST prevalence of SAD of any population studied in the world; despite low-intensity propane lighting and shortened winter photoperiod; researchers note Amish are Northern European descent (genetic confound for low melanin)",Cited in Lantz dissertation
9,"Hostetter (Abram)",Various,Mental health of Amish (career research),Multiple publications,Various Amish populations,Multiple,"Depression anxiety schizophrenia markedly lower than general population; bipolar somewhat higher (likely genetic/founder effect); suicide rates about half national average",https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/long-fuse-big-bang/201612/amish-asthma-rates-offer-clues-preventing-mental-illness
10,Wikipedia/various,2022,Health among the Amish overview,Wikipedia,Various,Compilation,"Suicide rate Lancaster County: 5.5 per 100k vs national 13 per 100k (1980); cancer rates 60% of age-adjusted Ohio rate; tobacco-related cancers 37% of Ohio rate; genetic disorders elevated due to founder effect",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_among_the_Amish
11,"Lantz",2018,Perceptions of Lifestyle as Mental Health Protective Factors Among Midwestern Amish,Walden University Dissertation,Midwestern Amish,Qualitative/review,"Depression rate ~10.1% of women experienced anxiety or depression (PA study); community social support key protective factor; Amish liaison reports many seeking treatment are 'not clinically depressed but lonely'",https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8963&context=dissertations
12,PMC comprehensive review,2024,Cultural and Religious Complexities of Amish Mental Health Research,Religions (MDPI),Exhaustive review of all Amish MH studies,Narrative review,"Findings inconsistent across studies and locations; instruments validated on majority populations may not be valid; Amish stoicism confounds self-report; suicide rates consistently lower; happiness consistently higher self-reported",https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065431/